FFU synthetic sleepers are widely used in Japan, but they come with a high cost of over 2,500 yuan each. In China, there is experimental research on composite sleepers, with a production line in Shanghai, but they are not currently used on Chinese railways. Similar to FFU synthetic sleepers, Polyurethane composite elastic sleepers also have a high cost and are not yet in use on Chinese railways.
The fully coated reclaimed rubber composite sleeper involves many production processes and has a high cost. Developed in Qingdao, China, these sleepers have been exported to the United States, India, Chile, and other countries but have not been utilized on Chinese railways. Composite rubber railway elastic sleepers have a lower cost but a more complex production process. They are widely used in first-class railways in the United States and short-distance railways. While these sleepers have been used in railway construction projects in Australia, India, Thailand, and other countries, they have not been implemented on Chinese railways.
